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François Charpentier (15 February 1620 – 1702), was a French archaeologist and man of letters.

He was born in Paris, and intended for the bar, but was employed by Colbert, who had determined on the foundation of a French East India Company, to draw up an explanatory account of the project for Louis XIV.

Charpentier regarded as absurd the use of Latin in monumental inscriptions, and to him was entrusted the task of supplying the paintings of Charles Le Brun in the Versailles Gallery with appropriate legends. His verses were so indifferent that they had to be replaced by others, the work of Jean Racine and Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, both enemies of his. Charpentier in his Excellence de la langue française (1683) had anticipated Charles Perrault in the famous academical dispute concerning the relative merit of the ancients and moderns. He is credited with a share in the production of the magnificent series of medals that commemorate the principal events of the age of Louis XIV.

Charpentier, who was long in receipt of a pension of 1200 livres from Colbert, was erudite and ingenious, but he was always heavy and commonplace. His other works include a Vie de Socrate (1650), a translation of the Cyropaedia of Xenophon (1658), and the Trait de la peinture parlante (1684).

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Edouard Bovet

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Edouard Bovet

Edouard Bovet (1797-1849) was a Swiss watchmaker and founder of the Bovet watch company.

He was born in Fleurier in Neuchâtel, moved to London in 1814 and went on to Canton in 1818 where he set up in business in partnership with his brothers in 1822. The enterprise, that had luxury watches made in Switzerland for export to China, was a resounding success. Two generations later the Bovets were running a flourishing Swiss-Chinese commercial enterprise and were no longer interested in watchmaking. The name was sold several times and relaunched in 1994. The current Bovet watches are modeled on their luxury precursors from the 19th century and look like pocket watches for the wrist.

Although the “Genève” tag is virtually compulsory for Swiss prestige name watches in the highest price bracket, it is the lesser known place name “Fleurier” that graces the watches from the Bovet company in Geneva: for the Bovet originated from this village in the Val-de-Travers, to the west of Neuchâtel. Watchmaking was introduced there between 1730 and 1740 by David Vaucher, probably a pupil of the legendary Daniel JeanRichard. The number of watchmakers in the Val-de-Travers grew very rapidly in the first half of the 19th century. The lace making that had provided work for a good third of the people living in the valley had been replaced by the much lower cost production on jacquard machines in France and Flanders.

The Bovet family was responsible for Fleurier’s specialization on the Chinese market. The birth of Edouard Bovet, the son of Jean Frédéric Bovet, was registered in 1797. Four more sons and a daughter were born in the following years. After completing his apprenticeship as a watchmaker, Edouard Bovet and two of his brothers moved to London, then the center of watch assembly and the watch trade. He found a job at once, with the Magniac company who sent him to Canton in 1818 as watch repairer; this was the sole Chinese port that tolerated European merchants and businessmen - the so-called “red-haired barbarians”.

The flourishing watch trade with China prompted Edouard Bovet to set up on his own in 1822: he founded a general partnership with the two brothers in London and one brother who had remained in Fleurier; the fourth and youngest brother also entered the business. Soon every first class watch in China with a high practical value and elegant exterior was simply called “Bovet” (pronounced “Boway” or read backwards “Tevob”). Pearl ornamentation and enamel miniature painting carried out in Geneva on Bovet watches ensured first class aesthetics at prices that, in contrast to the exaggerated luxury watches of the time, were affordable, at least for the upper class.

For years a Bovet watch was considered an asset in China and was accepted in payment everywhere. The movement was frequently finely engraved and chased and could be observed through a glass cover at the back. The central second hand that jumped every second, like modern quartz watches, was a Bovet specialty. Bovet adapted its production to the Chinese tradition of making gifts of valuable objects (statues, vases, horses even concubines) in pairs. So he could often sell two identical watches at the same time: if one failed, there was a replacement to hand. But Bovet’s enamel painters found it very difficult to paint two identical but mirror-image miniatures.

Edouard Bovet returned to Fleurier in 1830 as a made man, accompanied by his four year old half-Chinese son Edouard-Georges. At that time it was customary for the European merchants in China to take a “temporary” wife for the duration of their stay. If children were born of this liaison, the father had to accept full responsibility. As a fervent republican, Bovet exposed himself in the abortive Neuchâtel revolution against Prussian rule in 1831. The house that his brothers had built for him in Fleurier according to his written instructions from China had to remain empty for the time being. Bovet had to move to Besançon where he continued watchmaking with the help of other exiled watchmakers.

Edouard Bovet’s brothers and nephews - all of them shareholders in the company - made sure that the cornerstones of the Bovet empire in Fleurier, London and Canton continued to flourish. Once the political situation was back to normal, in 1840, the firm was re-registered as Bovet Frères et Cie.; the share capital amounted to 1 million francs. Edouard Bovet died in 1849; he lived long enough to witness the triumph of the republic and the withdrawal of the Prussians in the previous year. The succession was settled and the production for China continued; in 1855 Bovet was awarded a gold medal at the world exhibition in Paris for an absolutely identical pair of watches ordered by the emperor of China.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Bovet”
Categories: 1797 births | 1849 deaths | Watchmakers (people) | People from the Canton of Neuchâtel

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Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (November 2008)

Cambodian People’s Party ???????????????????? Kanakpak Pracheachon Kâmpuchéa
Leader	Chea Sim
Founded	Founded as Kampuchean People’s Revolutionary Party in May 1981 from pro-Vietnamese segments of the Communist Party of Kampuchea which constituted themselves as a separate party in early 1979, renamed in 1991
Ideology	Socialism
Website
http://www.thecpp.org/

This article may need to be wikified to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. Please help by adding relevant internal links, or by improving the article’s layout. (March 2008)

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (March 2008)

The Cambodian People’s Party (Khmer: ????????????????????, Kanakpak Pracheachon Kâmpuchéa, KPK) is the current ruling party of Cambodia. The party was called Kampuchean People’s Revolutionary Party (often referred to by its French acronym ‘PRPK’) 1981-1991, and was the sole legal party in the country at the time. The party has an outright majority in the National Assembly of Cambodia, but governs in coalition with the royalist Funcinpec party. The current (as of 2007) Prime Minister, Hun Sen, is the vice president of the party. The party adheres to a platform of Socialism.

Contents 1 History 2 Senior Party Members 3 References 4 External links

History

The party was constituted in early 1979, as pro-Vietnamese forces within the Communist Party of Kampuchea held a congress, and formed a separate party (retaining the name, CPK). A national committee led by Pen Sovan was appointed by the congress. The organization considered itself as the genuine inheritor of the original KPRP founded in 1951 (which had evolved into the CPK), and labelled the congress as the ‘3rd party congress’ (thus not recognizing the 1963, 1975 and 1978 congresses of CPK as legitimate). The party considered June 28, 1951 as its founding date. The existence of the party was kept secret, until its 4th congress in May 1981 when it appeared publicly and assumed the name KPRP. The name-change was carried out ‘to clearly distinguish it from the reactionary Pol Pot party and to underline and reassert the of the party’s best traditions’.

Very little is known about the Third Party Congress also known as the Congress for Party Reconstruction. Except that Pen Sovan was elected first secretary of the Central Committee and that the party had between sixty-two and sixty-six regular members.

In Pen Sovan’s political report to the Fourth Party Congress held May 26 to May 29, 1981, he was careful to distance the KPRP from Pol Pot’s CPK, and he denounced the CPK as a traitor to the party and to the nation.

The KPRP decided at the Fourth Party Congress to operate “openly.” This move seemed to reflect the leadership’s growing confidence in its ability to stay in power despite the ongoing guerilla war with the Khmer Rouge. The move may have had a practical dimension as well because it involved the people more actively in the regime’s effort to build the country’s political and administrative infrastructure.

The Fourth Party Congress reviewed Pen Sovan’s political report and defined the party’s strategy for the next several years. The Congress adopted five “basic principles of the party line,” which were to uphold the banners of patriotism and of international proletarian solidarity; to defend the country (the primary and sacred task of all people); to restore and to develop the economy and the culture in the course of gradual transition toward socialism; to strengthen military solidarity with Vietnam, Laos, the Soviet Union, and other socialist nations; and to develop “a firm Marxist-Leninist party.” At the Congress it was decided that henceforth the party would be known as the KPRP, in order to distinguish it from “the reactionary Pol Pot party and to underline and reassert the community of the party’s best traditions.” The Fourth Party Congress also proclaimed its resolve to stamp out the “reactionary ultra-nationalist doctrine of Pol Pot,” to emphasize a centralized government and collective leadership, and to reject personality cults. The “ultra-nationalist doctrine” issue was an allusion to Pol Pot’s racist, anti-Vietnamese stance. The Congress, attended by 162 delegates, elected twenty-one members of the party Central Committee, who in turn elected Pen Sovan as general secretary and the seven members of the party inner circle to the Political Bureau. It also adopted a new statute for the party, but did not release the text.

According to Michael Vickery, veterans of the independence struggle of the 1946 to 1954 period dominated the party Central Committee. A majority of the Central Committee members had spent all or part of the years 1954 to 1970 in exile in Vietnam or in the performance of “duties abroad.”

The KPRP’s pro-Vietnamese position did not change when Heng Samrin suddenly replaced Pen Sovan as party leader on December 4, 1981. Pen Sovan, who was reportedly flown to Hanoi under Vietnamese guard, was “permitted to take a long rest,” but observers believed that he was purged for not being sufficiently pro-Vietnamese. In any case, the new general secretary won Hanoi’s endorsement by acknowledging Vietnam’s role as senior partner in the Cambodian-Vietnamese relationship. The party recognized the change in leadership symbolically by changing the official founding date of the KPRP from February 19, 1951, to June 28, 1951, in deference to the Vietnam Workers’ Party (Dang Lao Dong Viet Nam), which was established in March 1951.

In mid-1981, the KPRP was essentially a skeleton organization. It had few party branches except for those in Phnom Penh, in Kampong Saom, and in the eighteen provincial capitals. Party membership was estimated at between 600 and 1,000, a considerable increase over 1979 but still only a fraction of the number of cadres needed to run the party and the government. In 1981, several of the 18 provinces had only one party member each, and Kampong Cham, the largest province with a population of more than 1 million, had only 30 regular members, according to Cambodia specialist Ben Kiernan.

The party held its Fifth Party Congress from October 13 to October 16, 1985, to reflect on the previous five years and to chart a new course for the next several years. The party’s membership had increased to 7,500 regulars (4,000 new members joined in 1985 alone). The party had an additional pool of 37,000 “core” members from which it could recruit tested party regulars. There were only 4,000 core members in mid-1981. According to General Secretary Heng Samrin’s political report, the KPRP had twenty-two regional committees and an undisclosed number of branches, circles, and cells in government agencies, armed forces units, internal security organs, mass organizations, enterprises, factories, and farms. The report expressed satisfaction with party reconstruction since 1981, especially with the removal of the “danger of authoritarianism” and the restoration of the principles of democratic centralism and of collective leadership. It pointed out “some weaknesses” that had to be overcome, however. For example, the party was “still too thin and weak” at the district and the grass-roots levels. Ideological work lagged and lacked depth and consistency; party policies were implemented very slowly, if at all, with few, if any, timely steps to rectify failings; and party cadres, because of their propensities for narrow-mindedness, arrogance, and bureaucratism, were unable to win popular trust and support. Another major problem was the serious shortage of political cadres (for party chapters), economic and managerial cadres, and technical cadres. Still another problem that had to be addressed “in the years to come” was the lack of a documented history of the KPRP. Heng Samrin’s political report stressed the importance of party history for understanding “the good traditions of the party.”

The report to the Fifth Congress noted that Heng Samrin’s administration, in coordination with “Vietnamese volunteers,” had destroyed “all types” of resistance guerrilla bases. The report also struck a sobering note: the economy remained backward and unbalanced, with its material and technical bases still below pre-war levels, and the country’s industries were languishing from lack of fuel, spare parts, and raw materials. Transition toward socialism, the report warned, would take “dozens of years.”

To hasten the transition to socialism, the Fifth Congress unveiled the PRK’s First Plan, covering the years 1986 to 1990. The program included the addition of the “private economy” to the three sectors of the economy mentioned in the Constitution (the state sector, collective sector, and the family sector). Including the private economy was necessary because of the “very heavy and very complex task” that lay ahead in order to transform the “nonsocialist components” of the economy to an advanced stage. According to the political report submitted to the congress, mass mobilization of the population was considered crucial to the successful outcome of the First Plan. The report also noted the need to cultivate “new socialist men” if Cambodia were to succeed in its nation-building. These men were supposed to be loyal to the fatherland and to socialism; to respect manual labor, production, public property, and discipline; and to possess “scientific knowledge.”

Heng Samrin’s political report also focused on foreign affairs. He recommended that Phnom Penh strengthen its policy of alliance with Vietnam, Laos, the Soviet Union, and other socialist countries. He stressed–as Pen Sovan had in May 1981–that such an alliance was, in effect, “a law” that guaranteed the success of the Cambodian revolution. At the same time, he urged the congress and the Cambodian people to spurn “narrow-minded chauvinism, every opportunistic tendency, and every act and attitude infringing on the friendship” between Cambodia and its Indochinese neighbors. (He was apparently alluding to the continued Cambodian sensitivity to the presence of Vietnamese troops and of about 60,000 Vietnamese settlers in Cambodia. CGDK sources maintained that there were really about 700,000 Vietnamese settlers in the country.)

The KPRP’s three objectives for the period 1986 to 1990 were to demonstrate military superiority “along the border and inside the country” for complete elimination of all anti-PRK activities; to develop political, military, and economic capabilities; and to strengthen special relations with Vietnam as well as mutual cooperation with other fraternal countries. Before Heng Samrin’s closing address on October 16, the 250 party delegates to the congress elected a new Central Committee of 45 members (31 full members and 14 alternates). The Central Committee in turn elected Heng Samrin as general secretary, a new Political Bureau (nine full members and two alternates), a five-member Secretariat, and seven members of the Central Committee Control Commission.

After the Fifth Congress, the party’s organizational work was intensified substantially. The KPRP claimed that by the end of 1986 it had more than 10,000 regular members and 40,000 candidate members who were being groomed for regular status.

General Secretary of the party from 1979 to 5 December 1981 was Pen Sovan.. The KPRP was a Marxism-Leninist party, although it took on a more reformist outlook in the mid-1980s. In 1991 the party was renamed Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) during a UN-sponsored peace and reconciliation process.

Prime Minister Hun Sen has continued to lead the party to election victories after the transition to democracy. It won 64 of the 123 seats in the National Assembly in the 1998 elections, 73 seats in the 2003 elections, and 90 seats in the 2008 elections, winning the popular vote by the biggest margin ever for a National Assembly election with 58% of the vote. The CPP also won the 2006 Senate elections.

Senior Party Members

• Chea Sim Chairman
• Heng Samrin Honorary Chairman
• Hun Sen Vice Chairman
• Hor Namhong Member of the Permanent Committee

References

1. ^ Frings, K. Viviane, Rewriting Cambodian History to ‘Adapt’ It to a New Political Context: The Kampuchean People’s Revolutionary Party’s Historiography (1979-1991) in Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Oct., 1997), pp. 807-846.
2. ^ Cambodia
3. ^
4. ^ Cambodian People’s Party website. “Permanent Committee members”. http://www.thecpp.org/page.php?page=permanent.htm&lang=eng. Retrieved on 2008-11-19. 

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies.

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Barney Rogan, aka Bernard Rogan, was a film editor in the 1920-1940 era.

Filmography

• 1940 A Miracle on Main Street
• 1933 Hotel Variety
• 1931 The Struggle (film)
• 1931 Tarnished Lady
• 1931 The Girl Habit
• 1930 Queen High
• 1930 Follow the Leader (film)
• 1929 The Cocoanuts

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This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from other articles related to it. (February 2009)

Charles Juliet at a conference on Simone Boisecq in 1999

Charles Juliet, born on 30 September 1934 in Jujurieux in Ain, is a French poet, playwright and novelist.

His works have been translated into German, Spanish, Italian, English, Polish, Japanese, Vietnamese, Turkish, Korean, Chinese, etc…

Biography

After his mother was sent to a psychiatry ward due to suicidal attempts, Charles Juliet was brought up by a family of Swiss peasants. At age 12, he went to school in Aix-en-Provence and at 20 he went on to study in Lyon. Three years later he dropped out and took to writing.

Fifteen years later he published his first book, Fragments, with a preface by Georges Haldas. During that time he also met with other artists, namely Michel Leiris, Raoul Ubac, Bram van Velde, Pierre Soulages and Samuel Beckett.

He lives in Lyon.

“Lambeaux” is currently on the syllabus for the French Baccalaureate.

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Mahalaxmi Iyer
Genre(s)	playback singing, Indian classical music, Folk, Indipop
Occupation(s)	Singer, Playback singer
Instrument(s)	Vocalist
Years active	1998-present

Mahalakshmi Iyer (also Mahalaxmi Iyer) is an Indian Tamil , Telugu playback singer, best known for her Hindi and Tamil songs. She has sung over a thousand songs in many Indian languages, including Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Gujarati, Assamese, Kannada and Malayalam.

Contents 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Famous songs 4 Awards and honors 5 References 6 External links

Career

Mahalakshmi made her singing debut with A R Rahman in Mani Ratnam’s Dil Se (1998). She also recorded for the movie Dus, which was Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy’s debut as music directors. Later, she went on to work frequently with them.

Since then she has sung over thousand songs in films, Serials jingles and original albums. She was part of several successful soundtracks such as Mission Kashmir, Yaadein and Saathiya and worked with some of the biggest music composers like A R Rahman, Anu Malik, Jatin-Lalit and more.

She has also sung for all of the Yash Raj Productions’ biggest hits like Dhoom 2, Bunty Aur Babli, Salaam Namaste and Fanaa and most recent successful albums like Ta Ra Rum Pum and Jhoom Barabar Jhoom.

During her career, she was known for her performances in songs like Kabhi Sham Dhale from Sur: The Melody of Life (2002), Har Taraf from Rishtey (2002) and for hit songs like Chup Chup Ke from Bunty Aur Babli (2005), Aaj Ki Raat from Don (2006) and Bol Na Halke Halke from Jhoom Barabar Jhoom.

She also sang on the Academy Award winning song “Jai Ho” for A R Rahman in the film Slumdog Millionaire (2008). Specifically, she sang the Urdu words between the short “Jai Ho” chants, as well as portions of the verses (most of which were sung by Sukhwinder Singh).

Personal life

Mahalakshmi comes from a musical family. Her mother is a Carnatic classical singer. She began learning Hindustani music at an early age as did her three sisters, Arpana, Padmini and Shobha. Iyer grew up in Mumbai and is a graduate of St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai, where she took up classes in Urdu language to perfect her all-essential pronunciation and hide any traces of a Southern accent.

Famous songs

• Yaro Yarodi(Alaipayuthey)
• Velli Malaray (Jodi)
• Kuruku Sirutthavalay (Mudhalvan)
• So Ja Chanda (Mission Kashmir)
• Yaadein Yaad Aati Hain (Yaadein)
• Har Taraf Tu Hi (Rishtey)
• Kabhi Sham Dhale (Sur: The Melody of Love)
• Chup Chup Ke (Bunty Aur Babli)
• Tu Jahan (Salaam Namaste
• Des Rangila (Fanaa)
• Tenu Leke (Salaam-E-Ishq)
• Rock N’ Roll Soniye (Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna)
• Aaj Ki Raat (Don - The Chase Begins Again)
• Tara Rum Pum (Ta Ra Rum Pum)
• Bol Na Halke Halke (Jhoom Barabar Jhoom)
• Banoo Main Teri Dulhann(Banoo Main Teri Dulhann)
• Falak Tak(Tashan)
• Oh Ho Sanam (Dasavatharam)
• Jai Ho (Slumdog Millionaire)
• Pyaar Ki Dastaan (Luck By Chance)

Awards and honors

• Alpha award for Best Playback, for Adhar
• Maharashtra Kala Niketan Award, for Suna Yeti Gharaat

References

1. ^ “”I am known as Mahalukhimi in Assam and Mahalokhi in Calcutta. I have heard stories where they have asked people that when did this Assam native move to Bombay?” – Mahalaxmi Iyer”. IndiaFM. March 14, 2007. http://www.indiafm.com/features/2007/03/14/2384/index.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-27. 
2. ^ ^{a b} “‘My day will come too!’”. rediff.com. April 7, 2001. http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/apr/09maha.htm. Retrieved on 2008-12-27. 
3. ^ Vij, Manish (2009-01-24). “Jai ho Rahman”. Ultrabrown. http://www.ultrabrown.com/posts/jai-ho-rahman. Retrieved on 2009-06-11. 

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Tierra del Fuego Province
Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur
Province
Flag Coat of arms
Divisions	4 departments
Capital	Ushuaia
Area	21,263 km² (8,210 sq mi)
- Claimed	1,002,445 km² (387,046 sq mi)
Population	101,079 (2001)
Density	4.75 /km² (12 /sq mi)
Governor	Fabiana Ríos (ARI)
- Senators	María Rosa Díaz, José Carlos Martínez, Jorge Colazo
ISO 3166-2 code	AR-V
Demonym	fueguino
Website: http://www.tierradelfuego.gov.ar

Tierra del Fuego (officially Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur) is an Argentine province entirely separated from mainland Argentina by the Strait of Magellan. It includes:

• The eastern part of the Isla Grande of Tierra del Fuego (the western part is the Chilean province of Tierra del Fuego).
• Argentina’s claims to the Falkland Islands (under their Spanish-language name, Malvinas) and to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; these are governed by the United Kingdom as British overseas territories.
• Argentina’s claims to Antarctica. All claims to Antarctica are effectively subject to the Antarctic Treaty. Argentina’s claim overlaps with both the British claim and the Chilean claim.

Contents 1 History 2 Geography and climate 2.1 Tierra del Fuego Island 2.2 Argentine Antarctica 2.3 Islands of the South Atlantic 3 Economy 4 Political division 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

History

Period impression of the HMS Beagle navigating along Tierra del Fuego, 1833.

The youngest of the Argentine provinces was first inhabited around 12,000 years ago. When the first Europeans arrived, they encountered a population of about 10,000 indigenous people belonging to four tribes: Yamana, Alakaluf, Selk’nam and Manek’enk (Haush). Within fifty years after discovery, only about 350 natives remained due to the diseases such as smallpox and measles that had ravaged these tribes. The provincial capital city is Ushuaia, from a native word meaning “bay towards the end”.

The territory was “discovered” in 1520 by the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan, who named the place first Land of Smokes and later Land of Fire, as he saw what were probably the fires produced by the local aborigines for heat.

Juan de Alderete in 1555 and later Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa intended to found settlements in the area, but the inclemency of the weather and the constant attacks of British pirates, who took Sarmiento de Gamboa prisoner, frustrated their ambitions.

Spanish, Dutch, British and French explorers ventured on Tierra del Fuego island and the nearby seas. Gabriel de Castilla passed through before discovering Antarctica, while Robert FitzRoy, and Charles Darwin explored this land and other parts of Patagonia.

In 1828 Argentina established a penal colony at Puerto Luis on the Falkland Islands, but in 1833 the British sent a naval task force to request that the Argentine representative of the islands, José María Pinedo, and Argentine forces leave the islands.

A inhabitant of the Selknam people, 1904. The Selknams, or, Onas, who place great value on amiability, are the island’s most numerous native people.

Luis Piedrabuena installed a base in San Juan de Salvamento on Isla de los Estados island. The British Patagonia Mission, under its superintendent Waite Stirling, founded Ushuaia as an Anglican mission in 1869, and shortly thereafter Salesian missionaries founded Río Grande.

In the 1880s the Argentine government took a more active interest in Tierra del Fuego. In 1881, the meridian 68°36′38 W was defined as the boundary between the Chilean and the Argentine sides of the island. In 1884 the Government of Tierra del Fuego was created, and a subprefecture was established at Ushuaia.

The southern part of the Beagle Channel was an issue of conflict between both states, specially regarding three small islands, Picton, Lennox and Nueva, which were given to Chile by decision of the mediating British Crown in 1977, revised by Pope John Paul II and ratified by treaty in 1985.

When the crews of sailing-ships told of the notoriously dangerous voyage round the tip of South America, Tierra del Fuego became a byword in Europe for an inhospitable land, where life would be impossibly harsh for settlers. In reality however, it is by no means the most sparsely populated province of Argentina, as Europeans often assume. Its population density of 4.75/ km² is in fact higher than five other provinces, due to various waves of immigration.

Local sheep ranch, 1942. The island’s sole important activity then, it’s been eclipsed by the decline in the global wool market as much as by petroleum and gas extraction.

Gold fever started in Tierra del Fuego around 1883. Many Croatians from the Dalmatian coast arrived in search of gold. The rush for gold brought with it some progress such as the telegraph in addition to a wave of immigrants. Although by 1910 the gold fever had died along with the exhaustion of the precious metal’s sources, most of the pioneers stayed. The inauspicious-looking northern plains proved to be ideal sheep-farming territory, and vast latifundias sprang up. Croatian, Scottish, Basque, Italian, Galician and Chilean immigrants arrived to work on the estancias and build up their own landholdings

With the creation of the Gobernación Marítima de Tierra del Fuego in 1943, construction of naval bases began in Ushuaia and Río Grande, as well as an airport and other infrastructure. This brought a significant number of immigrants from Argentina and other countries.

It was not until 1990 that the Territorio Nacional de la Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur was declared a province, and receiving its first governor two years later.

As a result of killings and disease, by 1920 the Amerindian population of the island had dropped to only 200. Word of the atrocities reached the Federal Congress, in Buenos Aires, which tried to help the Salesian mission, the only institution working in the island to protect them.

Geography and climate

Mossy landscape, Tierra del Fuego.

The province can be geographically divided into 3 distinct areas: the Tierra del Fuego islands, the Argentine Antarctica, and the Islands of the South Atlantic.

Tierra del Fuego Island

There are low mountains and sandy beaches at the north of the island, ascending to the south. The north is somewhat similar to the steppe of the Santa Cruz Province. In the middle of the island, the end of the Andes mountain system runs horizontally, and its highest peak, Mount Cornú, rises only 1,490 meters. There are a number of short rivers (Grande, Moneta, Ona, Lasifashaj, etc.), and due to the low temperature, there are many small glaciers that descend towards the sea. The annual average temperature of the island is 5.3 °C, with precipitation of 300 mm in the north and 550 mm in the south.

Argentine Antarctica

Watercraft in Esperanza Bay, Antarctica.

The part of Antarctica claimed by Argentina is formed by the Palmer Land and the Weddell Sea, of which half remains frozen all year round. The highest peak of this section of the continent is Mt. Chiriguano, at 3360 meters. The weather is normally cold and windy.

Antarctic portion between meridians 25º West and 74º West

Islands of the South Atlantic

See also: Falkland Islands, Sovereignty of the Falkland Islands, and Sovereignty of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Most of the islands of the Southern Atlantic present a more humid climate, except for the Falkland Islands. For instance, the Año Nuevo and Isla de los Estados islands have a dense vegetation of low forests of lenga and ñire.

The Falklands are covered in moorland, which receive less precipitation than other islands closer to the continent, and is constantly swept by strong winds. The South Orkney Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are also considered to be part of the South Atlantic Islands, and they are colder than the others, because they are so far from continental land masses.

Economy

Mount Olivia, a popular tourist destination near Ushuaia.

Tierra del Fuego has, since the 1970s, benefited from government subsidies to local industry and its natural wealth, alike. Its estimated 2006 output of US$2.6 billion gave the province a per capita income of US$25,700, second only in Argentina to the city of Buenos Aires itself and almost three times the national average.

Manufacturing, despite the province’s remoteness, contributes about 20% to output owing partly to generous certain tax incentives to local industry, a policy Buenos Aires has pursued to encourage immigration to less populated areas. A number of sizable factories have opened on Tierra del Fuego Island to take advantage of the tax benefits legislated in 1972, mainly home appliance and electronics makers.

Recently, in the city of Río Grande, many international and Argentine companies, most notably the Korean company Samsung and the Argentine company Teltron, have installed factories that produce high-definition televisions (HDTV), mass production of CD-ROM-related articles, and low-cost GSM cell phones built mainly from Argentine components.

“Train to the End of the World”. Operated by the province, it is the world’s southernmost active railway.

Sheep ranching, the province’s leading source of its modest agricultural income (5% of output), still serves as an important source of wool, mutton and hides throughout the province and the wider Argentine market, whose taste for these products has been growing strongly.

Like its neighbors in Patagonia to the north, petroleum and natural gas extraction contributes generously to Tierra del Fuego’s economy, lately over 20% to total output. Exploration efforts continue, not only along the island’s shores themselves; but, also near the Falkland Islands, whose surrounding waters to 200 miles are still under some amount of dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom. The same issue has intruded onto the area’s lucrative crab and shrimp fishing industry, as well.

Tourism is gaining importance on Tierra del Fuego island, and the region offers mountains, glaciers, forests, fast rivers, waterfalls, a ski centre, and the sea, all within short distances. Both Jules Verne and Darwin were fascinated by the beauties of the island.

The most visited destinations include Ushuaia, the Tierra del Fuego National Park and the Tren del Fin del Mundo, Fagnano Lake, Museum of the End of the World, the Beagle Channel, Les Eclaireurs lighthouse, the old jail, and the Isla de los Estados.

The Argentine Antarctic started receiving tourists a short time ago. Tourists can see wildlife at the Argentine Marambio Base during the summer.

The Falkland Islands gained notoriety after the Falkland War and a modest volume of tourists venture to the islands. Argentine nationals have been free to do so again since the 1989 restoration of diplomatic relations between the two former adversaries.

Political division

Governor’s offices, Ushuaia.

The province is divided in 4 departments (Spanish: departamentos), only the first two of which are under the effective control of Argentina:

1. Ushuaia (capital Ushuaia)
2. Río Grande (capital Río Grande)
3. Antártida Argentina: the Argentine claim to Antarctica, which lies between 25°W and 74°W (overlapping both Chilean and British claims) and which is uninhabited apart from staff of scientific bases. Being south of 60°S, the Argentine claim to the entire department is suspended under the Antarctic Treaty. The South Orkney Islands and South Shetland Islands, which also lie south of 60°S, are considered by Argentina to be part of the department of Islas del Atlántico Sur.
4. Islas del Atlántico Sur: consists of the Argentine claim to the Falkland Islands (Malvinas in Spanish) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, both of which are governed by the United Kingdom as British Overseas territories. The department also includes the South Orkney Islands and South Shetland Islands, though they lie south of 60°S and thus the Argentine claim is suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.

See also

Les Eclaireurs Lighthouse, on the Beagle Channel near Ushuaia.

• Tierra del Fuego Island
• Tierra del Fuego Province, Chile
• Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina

References

1. ^ Includes claims on Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and other islands of the South Atlantic Ocean.
2. ^ Tierra Del Fuego
3. ^ Yahgan & Ona - The Road to Extinction
4. ^ “La Patagonia Trágica”
5. ^ Bridges, E L (1948) The Uttermost Part of the Earth Republished 2008, Overlook Press ISBN 978-1585679560
6. ^ I.A.D.E.R

Zoloft Medication

crochet

Stop the Week was a long running BBC Radio 4 discussion programme chaired by Robert Robinson which ran from 1974-1992

Contents 1 Origins 2 Format 3 Sources 4 References

Origins

The BBC Radio’s Current Affairs Department decided that it wanted a programme that would act as a bookend to Monday morning’s Start the Week with Richard Baker, which had been running for about four years.

Stop the Week ran on a Saturday evening, and its brief was to be a weekly magazine of satire, topical guests and music. The Hungarian emigré Michael Ember, also the producer of Start the Week, was chosen as the producer.

The programme was presented by Robert Robinson who had just ended a three-year run on the Today programme.

The last show went out at 6:50pm on the evening of Saturday 25 July 1992.

Format

Each week a panel of four or five, drawn from a pool of ‘regulars’, would discuss a number of topics, usually more or less frivolous, such as “Is Dan Maskell posh?”

Among the regulars were Ann Leslie, Laurie Taylor, Milton Shulman, Benny Green, Nicholas Tucker, Anthony Clare, Dr Michael O’Donnell, Edward Blishen, Rosalind Miles, Stephen Oliver, Sarah Harrison, Jasper Griffin, Christopher Page and Matthew Parris.

The musical interlude was provided by regulars such as Instant Sunshine, Jeremy Nicholas, Fascinating Aïda (or Dillie Keane alone), Peter Skellern and Barber and Yunger.

Sources

• Robert Robinson, Skip All That, Century, 1997
• Russell Twisk, “Full stop as a major irritant gets scratched”, The Observer, 26 April 1992
• Dennis Barker, “Stop the week, I want to get off”, The Guardian, 20 July 1992

stroller baby

Sesame seed oil in clear glass vial

Sesame oil (also known as gingelly oil or til oil) is an edible vegetable oil derived from sesame seeds. Besides being used as a cooking oil in South India, it is often used as a flavor enhancer in Chinese, Korean, and to a lesser extent Southeast Asian cuisine.

Contents 1 Composition 2 History 2.1 Nomenclature 3 Manufacture of sesame oil 3.1 Manufacturing process 3.2 Sesame seed market 3.3 Varieties 4 Uses 4.1 Cooking 4.2 Body massage 4.3 Hair treatment 4.4 Food manufacture 4.5 Drug manufacture 4.6 Worship 4.7 Industrial uses 5 Alternative medicine 5.1 Vitamins and minerals 5.2 Blood pressure 5.3 Oil pulling 5.4 Stress and tension 5.5 General claims 6 Adverse effects 7 References

Composition

White sesame seeds

Sesame oil is composed of the following fatty acids:

Fatty acid	Nomenclature	Minimum	Maximum
Palmitic	C16:0	7.0 %	12.0 %
Palmitoleic	C16:1	trace	0.5 %
Stearic	C18:0	3.5 %	6.0 %
Oleic	C18:1	35.0 %	50.0 %
Linoleic	C18:2	35.0 %	50.0 %
Linolenic	C18:3	trace	1.0 %
Eicosenoic	C20:1	trace	1.0 %

History

Sesame seeds were one of the first crops processed for oil as well as one of the earliest condiments. In fact, the word ennai that means oil in Tamil has its roots in the Tamil words eL(?????) and nei(????), which mean sesame and fat.

Prior to 600 BC, the Assyrians used sesame oil as a food, salve, and medication, primarily by the rich, as the difficulty of obtaining it made it expensive. Hindus use til oil in votive lamps, and consider the oil sacred. According to Hindu belief, lighting lamp filled with til oil in front of Lord Hanuman removes obstacles and difficulties in life.

Nomenclature

see also Sesame nomenclature

In the Tamil language of India, Sesame Oil is called “Nalla Ennai”(???????????), which literal translation in English is “good oil”. In the Telugu language of India, Sesame Oil is called “Nuvvula Noone” (Nuvvulu means sesame and Noone means cooking oil) or “Manchi Noone” (Manchi means good and Noone means cooking oil). In the Kannada language of India, Sesame Oil is called “yellenne” (from “yellu” for sesame). It is also called as Gingelly Oil in India. In Marathi it is called Teel Tel (??? ???). In Sri Lanka Sinhalese called it “Thala Thel” (?? ????)

Manufacture of sesame oil

Manufacturing process

Making sesame oil at Moran Market, Seongnam, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea.

The extraction of sesame oil from the sesame seed is not a completely automated process. In the fairy tale “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves” (in Sinhala ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????)the sesame fruit serves as a symbol for wealth. When the fruit capsule opens, it releases a real treasure - the sesame seeds. However, a great deal of manual work is necessary before this point is reached. That is why sesame is hardly ever cultivated in Western industrialised agricultural areas.

The sesame seeds are protected by a capsule, which does not burst open until the seeds are completely ripe. The ripening time tends to vary. For this reason, the farmers cut plants by hand and place them together in upright position to carry on ripening for a few days. The seeds are only shaken out onto a cloth after all the capsules have opened.

The discovery of an indehiscent (nonshattering) mutant by Langham in 1943 began the work towards development of a high yielding, shatter-resistant variety. Although researchers have made significant progress in sesame breeding, harvest losses due to shattering continue to limit domestic US production.

Sesame seed market

As of 2007, sesame is being imported into the US at a price of US$0.43/lb. This relatively high price reflects a worldwide shortage. Though the market for sesame seed is strong, domestic US production awaits the development of high-yielding nonshattering varieties. It is advisable to establish a market before planting.

Varieties

There are many variations in the colour of sesame oil: cold-pressed sesame oil is almost colourless, while Indian sesame oil (gingelly or til oil) is golden and Chinese sesame oil is commonly a dark brown colour. This dark colour and flavour are derived from roasted/toasted sesame seeds. Cold pressed sesame oil has less flavour than the toasted oil, since it is produced directly from raw, rather than toasted seeds.

Sesame oil is traded in any of the forms described above: Cold-pressed sesame oil is available in Western health shops. In most Asian countries, different kinds of hot-pressed sesame oil are preferred.

Uses

Cooking

Despite sesame oil’s high proportion(41%) of polyunsaturated (Omega-6 fatty acids), it is least prone, among cooking oils with high smoke points, to turn rancid when kept in the open. This is due to the natural antioxidants present in the oil.

Light sesame oil has a high smoke point, and is suitable for deep-frying, while heavy (dark) sesame oil (from roasted sesame seeds) has a slightly lower smoke point is unsuitable for deep-frying, instead it can be used for stir-frying of meats or vegetables; making of omelette. Most in Asia used Roasted Sesame Oil for seasoning, particularly in East Asian cuisine.

Chinese uses Sesame Oil for preparation of meals for women during confinement (a period after a lady given birth).

Sesame oil is most popular in Asia, including the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, where its widespread use is similar to that of olive oil in the Mediterranean.

Body massage

Sesame oil is reputed to penetrate the skin easily, and is used in India for oil massage. In Maharashtra, Sesame oil (Teel Tel) is specially used for massaging the foot.

Hair treatment

Applying sesame oil to the hair is said to result in darker hair. It may be used for hair and scalp massage. It is believed to reduce the heat of the body and thus helps in preventing hair loss.

Food manufacture

Sesame oil is used in the manufacture of pickles. Refined sesame oil is used to make margarine in Western countries.

Drug manufacture

Sesame oil is used in the manufacture of Ayurvedic drugs.

Worship

Sesame or Til oil is used in brass or silver lamps kept in front of gods and goddess of Hindus. Sesame oil is used for performing puja in Hindu temples.

Industrial uses

In industry, sesame oil may be used as:

• a solvent in injected drugs or intravenous drip solutions,

• a cosmetics carrier oil,

• coating stored grains to prevent weevil attacks. The oil also has synergy with some insecticides.

Alternative medicine

Vitamins and minerals

Sesame oil is a source of vitamin E. Vitamin E is an anti-oxidant and has been correlated with lowering cholesterol levels. As with most plant based condiments, sesame oil contains magnesium, copper, calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin B6. Copper provides relief for rheumatoid arthritis. Magnesium supports vascular and respiratory health. Calcium helps prevent colon cancer, osteoporosis, migraine and PMS. Zinc promotes bone health.

Besides being rich in Vitamin E, there is insufficient research on the medicinal properties of sesame oil. However, the following claims have been made.

Blood pressure

Sesame oil has a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-6 fatty acids) - but it is unique in that it keeps at room temperature. This is because it contains two naturally-occurring preservatives, sesamol and sesamin. (Normally, only oils predominately composed of the omega-9 monounsaturated oil, like olive oil, keep at room temperature.)

It has been suggested that due to the presence of high levels of Polyunsaturated fatty acids in sesame oil, it may help to control blood pressure. It could be used in cooking in place of other edible oils and to help reduce high blood pressure and lower the amount of medication needed to control hypertension.

The effect of the oil on blood pressure may be due to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the compound sesamin – a lignan present in sesame oil. There is evidence suggesting that both compounds reduce blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Sesame lignans also inhibit the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol in these rats.

Oil pulling

Sesame oil is one of the few oils recommended for use in oil pulling. (sunflower oil is the other oil recommended).

Stress and tension

Various constituents present in the sesame oil have anti-oxidant and anti-depressant properties. Therefore proponents encourage its use to help fight senile changes and bring about a sense of well-being.

Adherents for its therapeutic use reports claims of feeling better than when not using it.

General claims

While not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, sesame oil is reputed to have a number of therapeutic uses.

As with cure-all claims of other folk and therapeutic medicines, it is suggested that regular topical application and/or consumption of sesame oil should mitigate effects of anxiety, nerve and bone disorders, poor circulation, lowered immunity and bowel problems. It is suggested such use would also relieve lethargy, fatigue and insomnia, while promoting strength and vitality, enhancing blood circulation. There are claims that its use has relaxing properties which eases pain and muscle spasm, such as sciatica, dysmenorrhoea, colic, backache and joint pain. Sesame oil massage to babies, it is claimed, helps to calm them and lull them to sleep and improves growth of the brain and the nervous system. These are claims similar to other therapeutic medicines, that its having antioxidants explains beliefs that it slows the aging process and promotes longevity.

It is suggested that sesame oil, when consumed and/or topically applied, should relieve dryness both externally and internally. Sesame oil is sometimes recommended to alleviate the dryness associated with menopause. It is believed that its use “restores moisture to the skin, keeping it soft, flexible and young looking”. It is suggested that it relieves “dryness of joints” and bowels, and eases symptoms of dryness such as irritating coughs, cracking joints and hard stools. Since “dryness of joints” is not a medically classifiable condition, it would be difficult to medically comprehend or verify these claims of panacea.

Other uses include as a laxative, as a remedy for toothaches and gum disease and in the treatment of blurred vision, dizziness, and headaches.

It is suggested that sesame oil could be used in the treatment of dry nose, reduction of cholestrol levels (due to presence of Lignans which are phytoestrogens), anti-bacterial effects, and even slowing down certain types of cancer (due to the anti-oxidant properties of the Lignans).

Adverse effects

Sesame oil is not known to be harmful when taken in recommended dosages, though the long-term effects of taking sesame-derived remedies (in any amount) have not been investigated. Due to lack of sufficient medical study, sesame oil should be used with caution in children, women who are pregnant or breast-feeding, and people with liver or kidney disease.

Because of its laxative effects, sesame oil should not be used by people who have diarrhea.

No more than 10% of a person’s total caloric intake should be derived from polyunsaturated fats such as those found in sesame oil, according to the American Heart Association.

Oil massage should be avoided immediately after administering enemas, emetics or purgatives, during the first stages of fever or if suffering from indigestion.

People who are allergic to peanuts are likely to be more susceptible to sesame allergy. Allergy to peanuts is one of the most common allergies, and can lead to anaphylactic shock which can be fatal. Persons allergic to sesame seeds should be cautious about using sesame oil.

tarjetas musicales gratis

calphalon

Henry Brown may refer to:

• Henry “Box” Brown (1815–c.1879), American slave who had himself mailed in a box to freedom
• Henry Billings Brown (1836–1914), U.S. Supreme Court Justice, 1891–1906
• Henry E. Brown, Jr. (born 1935), U.S. Congressman from South Carolina, 2000–present
• Henry Kirke Brown (1814–1886), American sculptor
• Henry Newton Brown, American lawman and outlaw of the old west
• Henry Newton Brown, Jr. (born 1941), Judge Louisiana Second Circuit Court of Appeals and former District Attorney
• Henry “Pucho” Brown, leader of Pucho & His Latin Soul Brothers
• Henry Yorke Lyell Brown (1843–1928), Australian geologist
• Henry Brown (New Zealand) (1842–1921), New Zealand politician
• Henry B. R. Brown (1926–2008), American co-creator of the money market fund
• Henry Brown (American football), professional football player
• Henry Brown (inventor), inventor of the strongbox
• Henry Brown (field hockey) (?–1961), Irish Olympic field hockey player

cartier